Background and Objective: Imperforate anus is a common anorectal malformation, which is associated with other anomalies. This study was done to determine the associated malformations in newborns with imperforate anus in northern Iran.Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 40 hospitalized newborns (24 boys and 16 girls) with imperforate anus in Taleghani teaching hospital in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2006-10. Results: From 40 newborns with imperforate anus, 23 newborns (57.5%) had associated anomalies. The commonest associated anomalies was genitourinary (65.2%) followed by heart (47.8%), gastrointestinal (13%) and musculoskeletal anomalies (8.7%).Conclusion: Associated anomalies in newborns with imperforate anus in northern Iran have a high prevalence in comparison with other reports.

Background & Objective: Congenital spinal deformities usually present in infancy and make parents  worry about their child future. Because of congenital nature of these deformities, cord anomalies and other organ abnormalities must be evaluated. This study was done to determine Congenital spinal deformity and associated anomalies.Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was done on 97 patients who referred to Shafa hospital in Tehran- Iran with congenital back deformities from October 2005 to January 2007. All patients were assessed with physical examination, spinal radiography, MRI, urinary system sonography and echocardiography.Results: Mean age of patients at presentation was 81 month. 81 patients had congenital scoliosis and 16 patients had congenital kyphosis. Mean cobb angle was 52 degrees for congenital scoliosis and 70 degrees for congenital kyphosis. 22 patients had neurologic or skin signs that 81% of them had cord abnormalities (p<0.05). Cord anomalies were seen in 36 scoliosis (46.5%) and 2 kyphosis (15%) (p<0.05). Most common cord anomalies were syingomyelia,diastematomyelia and tethered cord. Congenital heart anomalies were seen in 3 patients (4%) and valvular heart disease in 10 patients (13.5%) and kidney anomalies in 7 patients (12%). Only one patient with congenital heart disease and one patient with kidney anomaly had kyphosis.Conclusion: Regarding to prevalence of congenital spinial deformity (CSD) in scoliosis and kyphosis patients, all of patients with CSD should screued for determiation of conganital anomalies by MRI, Eco cardiography and kidny sonography.

Earnings-based anomaly, known as post-earnings announcement drift, could be regarded as delayed price response to earnings information that results in earning abnormal returns. The accrual anomaly refers to the fact that the current level of accruals is negatively related to abnormal returns over the following year, which may result in earning abnormal returns. These two anomalies appear to be related closely in the sense that accruals could be regarded as the primary component contributing to earnings. The aim of this study is to examine these two anomalies in the Iranian capital market, and to explain the relationship between them.In this study a sample of 560 firm-years from the Tehran Stock Exchange in the period of 1388-1391 has been considered. The results show that earnings-based anomaly is different from accrual anomaly. Also, a hedge portfolio trading strategy that takes both forms of market mispricing, generates abnormal returns higher than those based on only unexpected earnings or accruals information.

Background and Objective: Electricity-related occupational accidents are the fifth leading cause of occupational death. One of the major causes of occupational accidents is human error; therefore, the human role as a cause of the accident is highly important and needs to be considered in risk assessment. This study aimed to present a Fuzzy-Human error assessment and reduction technique (HERAT) technique, which can be used to estimate human error probability in the job of securing the electrical network using the experts' opinions. Materials and Methods: First, the tasks in the power distribution system were analyzed using the HTA(Hierarchical Task Analysis) method. In the next step, the general error probability of each task was determined, and then, the error-causing conditions for each task were determined. Afterward, the linguistic terms of the relevant experts on each error-producing condition were obtained, and then, these linguistic terms were quantified using the fuzzy method and the probability of total human error for each task was calculated. Finally, tasks were prioritized based on human error probability. Results: The employment of the HTA technique led to the finding that the operation of securing power grids consisted of five main tasks. The most likely human error was found to be the task of interrupting the power supply, which was revealed using the Fuzzy-HEART technique. Conclusion: The results showed that the proposed Fuzzy-HEART technique has been successfully applied in estimating the human error probability. The proposed method could identify the error-causing conditions and estimate the impact contribution to each of these conditions.

The second trimester scan is the most important sonographic evaluation during pregnancy. The second trimester ultrasound examination is not only for confirming gestational age but also it provides an ideal opportunity for assessing fetal anatomy and therefore structural normality. In addition, assessment of placental position and morphology, amniotic fluid volume, number of fetuses, evaluation of soft markers for chromosomal defects and the comparative interpretation of various measurements are all important pointers to potential problems. This examination is commonly referred to as a „routine second trimester anomaly scan‟. The optimal time at which to offer the routine anomaly scan is the earliest gestation at which the necessary measurements and a full fetal anatomy survey can be performed and the latest gestation at which an acceptable range of options can be offered to the parents if an abnormality is detected. Although the measurements required to date the pregnancy accurately can be taken after 15 weeks of gestation, and most of the fetal anatomy can be evaluated at 18–20 weeks, the optimal time for examination of fetal heart can be provided at 23-28 weeks. It is recommend that the routine anomaly scan is performed between 20 and 24 weeks but we recommend anomaly scan to be done before 20 weeks (18-20 weeks) in Iran as we have limitation for legal termination if needed. Although it is necessary to examine the entire fetus and other uterine contents in detail, it is not always feasible to do this in the order suggested. It is suggested that the measurements are always carried out early in the examination so that they are not forgotten. It is not reasonable to expect all structural fetal abnormalities amenable to ultrasound detection to be diagnosed at a routine second trimester anomaly scan. Though if the approach is systematic then no major structural abnormality should be missed. However there are several examples from anomalies such as microcephaly which might be missed in second trimester scan if there is no serial examination. In the majority of normal pregnancies, measurement of the biparietal diameter (BPD) and femur length (FL) provide the most accurate assessment of gestational age in the second trimester. It is recommended that measurements of the head circumference (HC), transcerebellar diameter (TCD) and abdominal circumference (AC) are also undertaken. They provide further confirmation of gestational age and aid in the exclusion of growth related abnormalities and spina bifida. In addition, their inclusion encourages a systematic examination of the whole fetus. An ultrasound examination is in the unique position of being both a screening test and a diagnostic test for fetal anomalies. Its clinical value is directly dependent on the skills of the sonographer, first, in obtaining the correct images for evaluation and measurement and, second, in the correct interpretation in each specific and unique clinical situation. Such examinations must only be performed by individuals who have undergone a supervised period of training that enables them to identify and distinguish between the range of normal findings, findings of uncertain significance and abnormalities at varying stages of gestation.

Sacrococygeal teratomas are the most common teratomas, while head and neck cases are extremely rare. The approximately reported incidence of teratoma is 1 in 35000 to 40000 live-births. Although they are generally more common in females, no gender preference is reported in head and neck ones.